SeaWaves Today in History August 6, 2008 ********************************************************************* August 6 1497 - John Cabot departs for Bristol, likely from Cape Race vicinity; after exploring coast of Nova Scotia 1787 - Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia began to debate the articles contained in a draft of the United States Constitution 1806 - Holy Roman Empire out of existence as Emperor Francis I abdicated 1813 - War of 1812 - Royal Marines from HMS Marlborough occupy Kent Island in the Chesapeake 1815 - US flotilla ends piracy by Algiers, Tunis & Tripoli 1825 - Bolivia declared its independence from Peru 1862 - CSS Arkansas destroyed by her commanding officer to prevent capture by USS Essex 1864 - Rebels evacuate Ft Powell, Mobile Bay 1866 - A British Imperial statute unites Vancouver Island and the British Columbia mainland; the Island had originally been granted to the Hudson's Bay Company and became a colony in 1850 1890 - The electric chair was used for the first time in Auburn NY to carry out a death sentence. William Kemmler of Buffalo was the first person to be electrocuted, having been convicted of the murder of his common law wife the year before. This first attempt did not go well, and George Westinghouse Jr. called it a "brutal affair" 1914 - Canadian Government bans export of food, coal, military and naval stores; except to Britain, Japan, France, Russia, and US allies 1914 - The first Allied naval loss of the First World War - the cruiser HMS Amphion was sunk by a mine in the North Sea 1914 - Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia and Serbia declared war against Germany 1914 - HMC S/M CC1 ex-Chilean Iquique commissioned. Log - Built by Seattle Construction & Drydock Co. Launched 3 Jun 1913, 313/373 displacement, 144x15x11ft, 13/10kts, crew 2/16, 5-18in TT 1915 - HM S/M H8. With regards Bernard "Barney" Leitch Johnson a Master Mariner (steam & sail) as well as a qualified BC coastal pilot had volunteered to serve in the RNR, receiving no acknowledgement, Johnson, enrolled in RNCVR, subsequently became a NO in the CC boats at Esquimalt. When the H-boats were being built at Montreal the RN was having manning shortages & with the concurrence of Canadian authorities, the Admiralty transferred Johnson to the RNVR for command of HMS/M H8. Johnson was the first ever VR to command a RN boat. This caused such an uproar in the UK that Johnson transferred to the RNR where he remained, & retained his command, first RNR submarine CO. LCdr Cap' Johnson of Vancouver was awarded DSO 2 Nov 1917 for bringing back the badly damaged H8 after she had set off a mine while dived off the Dutch coast 1915 - British troops landed during the night 6/7 August at Suvla Bay at the northern end of the Gallipoli peninsula in an attempt to break the deadlock besetting the campaign there. Only a small bridgehead was established, and although this did eventually extend far enough south to link up with the ANZAC positions at Ari Burnu, it failed to achieve the desired breakthrough. To divert attention from the landings, the ANZACs launched a series of bloody attacks at Lone Pine, suffering 2,200 casualties and inflicting 5,000 losses on the Turks 1916 - Monitor HMS Terror commissioned 1918 - Minesweeper USS Lark launched 1918 - Destroyer USS McDermut launched 1918 - Minesweeper USS Redwing laid down 1919 - Destroyer USS Crowninshield commissioned 1921 - Clason Point, Bronx to College Point, Queens municipal ferry system begins 1925 - Submarines FS Ariane, Sirene launched 1926 - Gertrude Ederle of New York became the first American woman to swim the English Channel, in about 14 and a-half hours 1928 - Destroyer FS Lion laid down 1929 - Submarine FS Acheron launched 1930 - Destroyer HMS Basilisk launched 1932 - Opening of new Welland Ship Canal 1935 - U-3 commissioned 1938 - U-51 commissioned 1938 - Torpedo boat FS Bouclier commissioned 1940 - U-219, 220, 301, 302, 359, 360, 445, 446, 447, 448, 707, 708 ordered 1940 - Minesweeper HMAS Toowoomba laid down 1940 - ASW trawlers HMS Morris Dance, Saltarelo launched 1940 - Rescue tug HMS Prudent launched 1940 - Destroyer HMS Blencathra launched 1940 - Corvette HMS Gentian launched 1940 - Corvette HMS Salvia launched 1940 - Destroyer USS Madison commissioned 1941 - U-187 laid down 1941 - U-562 sinks SS RT-70 ex Kapitan Voronin 1941 - U-404 commissioned 1941 - U-589 & U-590 launched 1941 - Minesweepers HMCS Wasaga & Cowichan departed Esquimalt BC for Halifax NS 1941 - The USN's Task Force 16 (Rear Admiral William R. Monroe), formed around the aircraft carrier USS Wasp, battleship USS Mississippi, heavy cruisers USS Quincy & Wichita and five destroyers, delivers US Army troops, transported in transport USS American Legion, stores ship USS Mizar and cargo ship USS Almaack to Reykjavik, Iceland. The aircraft carrier USS Wasp launches 30 P-40Cs and three Stearman PT-13 Kaydets of the USAAF's 33d Pursuit Squadron to provide air defense for the US forces from Reykjavik Airport 1941 - ASW trawler HMS Agate lost after grounding off Cromer, Norfolk 1941 - At 1900, Soviet dispatch vessel PS-70 was hit by one torpedo from U-652 and sank seven miles off Cape Teriberka. This was the first U-boat success in the Arctic 1941 - In the Territory of Hawaii, an executive order transfers the US Coast Guard's Honolulu District from the Treasury Department to the US Navy in the first step toward shifting the USCG to USN control 1942 - Submarine HMS Thorn was sunk while attacking a convoy some 30 miles off Gavdos Island off SW of Crete in position 34.25N, 22.36E. At 1230 an escorting aircraft was seen to machine-gun the surface of the sea and the Italian torpedo boat Pegaso moved in to investigate. Four minutes after the aircraft attack, Pegaso picked up a contact and carried out seven attacks after which contact was lost. This attack most likely resulted in the loss of Thorn. Thorn declared overdue on 11 Aug 42 1942 - At 1719, the unescorted Rozewie was hit amidships by one torpedo from U-66 and sank in ten minutes. The master was taken prisoner by the U-boat. At 1438 the same day, U-155 had unsuccessfully attacked the Rozewie with 20 rounds from the deck gun, but was forced to break off the attack when the ship returned fire with her armament of one 152-mm gun and three machine guns. U-155 did not fired a torpedo because the ship was too small 1942 - U-77 damaged the Adnan and sank the Ezret near Cyprus 1942 - U-546 laid down 1942 - U-641 & U-642 launched 1942 - U-634 commissioned 1942 - U-905 & U-907 ordered 1942 - Destroyer HMCS Assiniboine (A/LCdr John Hamilton Stubbs RCN, CO) rammed sank U-210 Korvkpt Rudolf Lemcke CO, South of Cape Farewell, 40-15N, 39-37W. Of U-210 crew of 46, there were 6 crewmembers lost including Kptlt Rudolf Lemcke, CO, 2 officers, 10 senior rates, 25 junior rate survivors picked up by HMS Dianthus & HMCS Assiniboine. HMCS Assiniboine's OS Kenneth William Watson RCN of Revelstoke BC KIA. U-210 was a VIIC type U-boat, built by F. Krupp Germaniawerft, AG, Kiel, launched 23 Dec 41, commissioned 21 Feb 42, in service 6 months with no record of sinking any ships. At the time U-210 was a member of the Wolfpack, group "Steinbrick". U-210 was one of 18 U-boats attacking the 30-ship Sydney to Liverpool convoy SC-94, which was being escorted by Assiniboine & six corvettes. At 1125, Assiniboine visually detected a surfaced U-boat & a running battle ensued in heavy but intermittent fog. After firing several salvoes from her main armament contact was lost. At 1851, visual contact was re-established & Assiniboine engaged at short range with small-caliber weapons & then rammed. U-210 returned a heavy fire of 37mm & 20mm rounds that resulted in one Canadian sailor's loss, & thirteen others wounded. The U-Boat was eventually hit in the conning tower by a 4.7-inch round, which killed all of the bridge staff. The First Watch Officer dove the boat but soon resurfaced & re-engaged with 20mm guns. Assiniboine responded with 4.7-inch gunfire, circled the wallowing submarine & rammed again. The First Watch Officer had been wounded, so the Engineering Officer gave the order to abandon the boat & she sank about two minutes later. Assiniboine was heavily damaged during the ramming of U-210 & had to detach from the convoy. Her withdrawal, the largest & most capable of the escorts, undoubtedly reduced the effectiveness of the escort force & contributed to higher losses. Moreover, her damage could not be repaired & the ship returned to service until Jan 43, during which time eleven major convoy battles were fought in the North Atlantic. The destruction of one inexperienced U-boat was in no way equal compensation, neither for the disastrous losses from the convoy nor for the extended inoperability of a high-value escort. Although CDR Stubbs received a DSO for his part in the action, his decision to ram was based on the erroneous notion that is was better to destroy a U-boat than to ensure the safe arrival of the convoy. During the action the return fire from the U-boat was heavy, a number of 40mm hits on Assiniboine ignited a petrol storage outside the wheelhouse, CPO Max Leopold Bernays, the coxswain, remained at his post executing some 141 helm orders given during the Ops 1942 - Minesweeper HMCS Kenora commissioned 1942 - U-578 (Type VIIC) is listed as missing in the Bay of Biscay since this day, with its final position unknown. 49 dead (all crew lost), but the cause of this loss remains a mystery 1942 - Destroyer HMS Milne commissioned 1942 - Frigate HMS Exe commissioned 1942 - During training in the Baltic U-612 collided with U-444 killing two men from U-612, which sank to the seabed. The boat was later raised and used for training. [Obermaschinist Wilhelm Merz, Maschinenobergefreiter Gerhard Ehrlich] (I WO Herbert A. Werner described the loss in his book Iron Coffins) 1943 - At 0450, the unescorted Fort Halkett was torpedoed and sunk by gunfire by U-185 about 600 miles SE of Natal, Brazil. The master and 23 survivors landed south of Natal. The chief officer and 23 survivors were picked up by destroyer USS Goldsborough and landed at Recife. The second officer and ten survivors landed at Cabadello, Brazil 1943 - U-615 sunk by USN Mariner aircraft, Squadron VP-205/P-4. The boat was lost in this massive hunt in the Caribbean. It fought bravely for days against overwhelming odd before finally being sunk 1943 - U-826 & U-1277 laid down 1943 - Shortly before 2400 hours local, the Battle of Vella Gulf is joined as six destroyers of the USN's Task Group 36.2 (Commander Frederick Moosbrugger) attack four Japanese destroyers attempting to bring troops and supplies to Kolombangara Island in Vella Gulf; destroyers USS Dunlap, Craven & Maury sink destroyers HIJMS Kawakaze, Hagikaze & Arashi at position 07.50S, 156.47E. US forces suffers no damage 1943 - General MacArthur announced the capture of Munda (Japanese air base on New Georgia Island) by American forces. All organized resistance on New Georgia ceased August 28 1943 - Frigate HMS Ascension launched 1943 - In July HMS Parthian sailed from Malta for a patrol in the southern Adriatic. On the 26th she was ordered to patrol off Capo Otranto. This order was cancelled on the 28th when a new patrol area was given. The submarine was signaled on 6th August to leave the patrol. This signal was not acknowledged and not further contact was made with the submarine. Parthian was due to arrive at Beirut on 11th August, her failure to do so was probably caused by a mine on or around 6th August 1943 - Frigate USS Orange launched 1943 - Escort carrier HMS Emperor commissioned 1943 - Submarine USS Corvina commissioned 1943 - Destroyer escort USS Ottersetter commissioned 1944 - On the night of 5-6 August 1944, four Tribal Class Destroyers were southbound in the Bay of Biscay when they detected a small convoy, also on a southerly course, presumably headed for Spain. HMS Tartar, HMS Ashanti, HMCS Haida and HMCS Iroquois maneuvered to a favorable position and attacked, sinking six of the seven ships, including the escort. Returning northward, ships were detected leaving St. Nazaire and the order was given: "All guns loaded". Able Seaman Michael KERWIN was a member of the crew of HMCS Haida's 'Y' Mounting, twin 4.7 inch, on the quarterdeck. Unknown to anyone, the right gun was still hot from the previous action. Before the breech was fully closed, the charge ignited, blew back the breech, which collapsed the tray and there was a cordite fire. As OOQ Torpedo Tubes, Lloyd I Jones thought the ship had been hit. The port side was impassable due to the fire but the starboard side was free. At 'Y' mounting, two were killed and eight wounded. One of the wounded was AB Kerwin, who also suffered burns and temporary blindness. However, he heard the gun trainer, AB Jack (Guns) Burnett, calling for help from the forward part of the gun shield and he plunged through dense smoke and flames, found his shipmate and hauled him to safety. In due course, he was awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal. It must be added that Chief Stoker Harold D. Richard RCN did a marvelous job with a fire hose, which he brought into operation almost immediately. With the spray nozzle going, he soaked everyone and had the cordite fire out in short order. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. The wounded were carried to the sick bay. The good ammunition was passed to the forward guns and the burnt cordite cartridges kicked overboard 1944 - Corvette HMCS Hawkesbury arrives Bermuda for workups 1944 - Close to 700 USAAF B-17s and B-24s, operating against targets in southeastern France, attack oil storage at Le Pouziii, Le Pontet, and Lyon, railroad bridges at Le Pouzin, Avignon, Tarascon, Rambert, and Givors, marshalling yards at Portes-les-Valences and Miramas, and submarine pens at Toulon where they sink the German submarines U-471, U-952 and U-969 1944 - U-736 (Type VIIC) is sunk in the Bay of Biscay west of St. Nazaire, at position 47.19N, 04.16W, by depth charges from the British frigate HMS Loch Killin. 28 dead, 20 survivors were taken into captivity 1944 - Submarine USS Bumper launched 1944 - Destroyer escorts USS Heyliger, Joseph E Connolly, Milton Lewis & Sutton launched 1944 - Aircraft carrier USS Bennington commissioned 1944 - U-3510 laid down 1944 - Empire City in Convoy DKA-21 was torpedoed & sunk by U-198 east of Mocimboa, Portuguese East Africa. Two crewmembers and ten gunners were lost. The master, 47 crewmembers and ten gunners landed at Pekawi, Portuguese East Africa 1944 - U-3002 commissioned 1945 - Lighter Covered (Self-propelled) YF-777 lost at Eniwetok 1945 - Off China, carrier-based aircraft of the USN's Task Group 95.3 (Vice Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf) escort carriers USS Lunga Point, Makin Island and Cape Gloucester strike enemy shipping in Tinghai Harbor 1945 - On Wake Island, carrier-based aircraft in the aircraft carrier USS Intrepid bomb Japanese installations, as the ship is en route from Pearl Harbor to join Task Force 38 in the Western Pacific 1945 - Off the Malay Peninsula, the USN submarine USS Bugara comes across the RN submarine HMS Sleuth and four Japanese junks. In a display of Anglo-American cooperation, the Americans assist the British by sinking two of the enemy craft by gunfire in position 06.51N, 101.44E 1945 - Submarine USS Bullhead, CO Edward R. Holt, Jr., is sunk by aircraft off Bali. All hands are lost 1945 - Destroyer USS Leonard F Mason laid down 1945 - Destroyer USS Arnold J Isbell launched 1945 - U-2513 and U-3008 are transferred to the USA 1945 - Escort carrier USS Palau launched 1946 - Submarine HMS Andrew launched 1954 - Submarine HMS Alcide arrives Halifax for ASW training duties 1962 - Jamaica became an independent dominion in the British Commonwealth 1967 - Ferry Kalakala ends service on Puget Sound 1972 - USS Kitty Hawk port call Subic Bay 1990 - President George Bush orders Operation Desert Shield, largest overseas deployment since Vietnam, to protect Saudi Arabia after Iraqi's invasion of Kuwait 1990 - SECDEF travels to Saudi Arabia to discuss request for assistance and deployment of US forces in country. SECDEF then travels to Egypt and gets permission to send US warships through Suez Canal 1991 - Jean Charest announces new Aulavik National Park on Banks Island in Western Arctic; 12,000 sq. km; Environment Minister; Aulavik means 'where people travel' in Inuit 1997 - Naval Forces on Guam help rescue and begin providing medical care to survivors of Korean Airlines Flight 801 that crashed on Guam 2003 - Destroyer USS Chafee delivered 2004 - Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov recommissioned after major refit 2004 - Vice Adm. Robert F. Willard transfers command of US Seventh Fleet to VAdm Jonathan W Greenert during a change-of-command ceremony aboard USS Coronado in Yokosuka, Japan 2004 - US Secretary of the Navy names SSN 778 as USS New Hampshire 2004 - Prime Minister Tony Blair reappointed Joe Abrams OBE and Patricia Rothman as Trustees of the Board of the National Maritime Museum, for terms of 2 years and 4 years respectively, commencing on 20 August 2004. Both Trustees were first appointed on 20 August 1999. Admiral Sir Jock Slater GCB, LVO, DL reappointed as Trustee of the Imperial War Museum for a period of four years from 27 August 2004 2004 - Patrol craft KRI Boa 807, KRI Welang 808 and KRI Taliwangsa 870 commissioned at Jakarta 2004 - Submarine SSN 778 named USS New Hampshire 2005 - Rescuers are trying to lift the stricken submersible to the depth of 30-50 meters to let divers work, Russian Navy Deputy Commander-in-chief Igor Dygalo said. "An MB-105 sea tug and a KIL-168 vessel have brought a loop under the bottom of the construction holding the AS-28 deep-sea vessel," he said. "Tows will lift the construction to 50-30 meters to let divers work" 2005 - At 1445 Portland Coastguard received multiple 999 calls from the public on the coastal path near White Nothe, East of Weymouth. All callers reported seeing people waving and shouting from help in a white speedboat. Portland Coastguard immediately sent Coastguard Rescue Helicopter Whiskey Bravo to the scene which was on training to the East and requested the launch of Weymouth RNLI inshore and all weather lifeboats and. The Weymouth inshore lifeboat arrived on scene to find five males on board the sinking vessel and the RNLI crew determined that one of the men in the boat was cold and shocked and he was therefore airlifted by the Coastguard Rescue Helicopter to Dorset County Hospital in Dorchester. The winch man from the helicopter reported that another male in the boat was suffering from chest pains but refused to be airlifted. The Weymouth lifeboat took the four remaining passengers off the speedboat and took them ashore at Weymouth. They were checked by ambulance and did not need hospital treatment. The boat had set off from Weymouth to Lulworth and was returning to Weymouth when they became swamped and began to sink. The five on board were three adults in their 40's and two teenagers from Swindon, Wiltshire 2005 - The Coast Guard medevaced a 55 year-old man from a 48-foot charter fishing vessel near Grays Harbor WA. The master of the charter fishing vessel Playboy Too reported a passenger suffering from extreme seasickness to Coast Guard Station Grays Harbor at 1140. Station Grays Harbor launched a 47-foot motor lifeboat to help the man. The lifeboat arrived alongside the Playboy Too and reported the man's vital signs to a flight surgeon by radio. The flight surgeon recommended that the man immediately be airlifted since he recently had surgery and his symptoms might be a sign of complications. Coast Guard Group/Air Station Astoria diverted an HH-60 Jayhawk helicopter to transport the man. The Coast Guard helicopter took the 55 year-old man to Bowerman Airport where he was transferred to an awaiting ambulance for further transport to the hospital. Upon reaching the hospital, the man was rushed into emergency surgery 2006 - Israeli warship Hanit, struck by an Iranian C-802 missile off the coast of Beirut three weeks ago, killing four crewmembers, returned to sea. Navy crews worked around-the-clock to repair the damage and the ship reassumed its combat role in Lebanon 2006 - A small fishing vessel was 30 yards from shore when the skipper made an emergency 'MAYDAY' call to Aberdeen Coastguard, stating his gear had been fouled and he was drifting towards the shoreline at Rockhead, Dunbeath. Aberdeen Coastguard received an emergency call on channel 16 just after 5:00 p.m. from a fishing vessel 'Smiling Crew' requesting immediate assistance. The fishing vessel was Wick registered and only had one person aboard. Coastguard Rescue teams from Dunbeath, Helmsdale and Wick were sent to monitor the situation from the shoreline, Rescue helicopter 137 from RAF Lossiemouth was scrambled and the Wick all weather RNLI lifeboat was requested to launch by the Coastguard. Broadcasts to vessels in the area were relayed by the Coastguard 2006 - A 41 year old male jetskier found face down in the water at Bowleaze Cove, Weymouth 2006 - One hundred and seventeen people were arrested by the Coast Guard, Washington State Patrol and other law enforcement agencies during the Seafair Chevrolet Cup and Keybank Air Show for boating while intoxicated (BWI), overcrowding vessels and having insufficient life jackets 2006 - Two Diving Teams are being deployed in the West Godavari District at Polvaram for rescue and relief operations. The District Collector has requested Eastern Naval Command to position a helicopter at Polavaram, which is likely to be deployed by PM 08 2006 - Just after 1600 the USCG received a call that the Prince Lew, a 51-foot towing vessel, sank suddenly in the middle of the Mississippi River. The Prince Lew was crossing the river from the Kinder Morgan docks about 30 river miles south of Baton Rouge when the vessel started taking on water. Within moments the vessel sank in the middle of the river in 45 feet of water. The three crewmembers aboard, who were wearing life jackets, were able to swim to shore. Coast Guard closed the river in the vicinity of the sinking and is investigating the cause of the accident 2006 - USCG Sector Lake Michigan will conduct a marine casualty investigation into the sinking of the 130-foot dredge-barge Courtney. The unmanned dredge-barge sank in approximately 800 feet of water, 21 miles west of Frankfurt, Mich. Originally under tow, on August 4, from Ludington, Mich., to Escanaba, Mich., Courtney experienced difficulties and capsized approximately 20 miles east of Sturgeon Bay, Wisc. The dredge-barge was under tow by the tug Carol Ann. The barge remained afloat and proceeded under tow back to Ludington on August 5, where salvage operations were to be conducted. Deteriorating weather presented a safety hazard and did not allow for the tug to complete the tow. The barge was anchored overnight 21 miles west of Frankfurt. On August 6, a Coast Guard helicopter overflight confirmed the barge did not remain afloat and sank. Coast Guard Sector Lake Michigan responded by coordinating efforts with agencies from both Wisconsin and Michigan to develop a salvage plan and recover the barge 2006 - The World’s largest container ship, Xin Los Angeles, made its maiden call to Westports in Klang Port near Kuala Lumpur 2007 - A Los Angeles federal judge has banned the Navy from using high-power sonar during a series of upcoming training exercises off Southern California, ruling the technology can cause widespread damage to dozens of species of whales and marine mammals 2007 - Two men found with several pipe bombs in their car near a Navy base were charged with possession of an explosive device. A joint state-federal investigation was underway to see whether there was any terrorism connection, said FBI spokeswoman Denise Taiste, but no link had been found. The Navy base is the site of a brig where enemy combatants have been held. Ahmed Abda Sherf Mohamed, 24, and Yousef Samir Megahed, 21, both students at the University of South Florida in Tampa, were driving through the area on Saturday to vacation at a North Carolina beach for Mohamed's birthday, their defense attorney said 2007 - NASA will send three astronauts and a Constellation Program aerospace engineer into the ocean depths off the Florida coast from Aug. 6 to 15. They will test lunar exploration concepts and a suite of medical objectives for long-duration spaceflight 2007 - A ceremony for the relatives of the submariners who died when the World War Two Japanese Midget submarine M24 was lost at sea near Sydney 2007 - Taiwan wants to buy at least six Aegis-equipped destroyers from the United States at a cost of more than $4.6 billion, a newspaper said. A plan sure to anger China which claims the island as its own 2007 - Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Mike Mullen announced Rear Adm. (lower half)(selectee) Michael E. McMahon assigned as program executive officer for aircraft carriers, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisition), Washington, D.C. Rear Adm. (lower half) Frank Thorp IV assigned as chief of information, Washington, D.C. 2007 - Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez assigned Philip M. Kenul, an officer in the NOAA Commissioned Corps, as director of NOAA’s Marine and Aviation Operations Centers effective August 1, 2007. This action follows the recent Senate confirmation of Capt. Kenul to the rank of rear admiral (lower half) 2007 - A peace group says 14 demonstrators were arrested for blocking traffic at the Trident submarine base at Bangor ============================================================= Sources: Colton Shipping Report, NOAA, MARAD, Marine Digest, Leo Pettipas, Kommersant, Samuel Loring Morison, Frank Pierce Young, Navy Times, Naval Institute Proceedings, www.uboat.net, Andrew Etherington, John Nicholas, US Naval Historical Center, Ministry of Defense, US Coast Guard, Thomas N. Carlson, Jack Arrowsmith, Allan Snowie, Ken Hansen, Andy Barber, John Weiss, Jack McKillop, Bernard de Neumann, Sympatico Today in History, Washington History Link, Lloyds List, Fairplay, New York Times, I-Newswire and other news sources in the public domain. Additions, submissions and corrections are always welcomed. ============================================================= Today in History Archives at: http://www.seawaves.com/newsletters/today_in_history_archive.htm Copyright 2008 Shirlaw News Group ISSN 1710-6966 Photos courtesy of US Naval Historical Center, US Coast Guard Historical Center, Wikipedia Encyclopedia or Naval Museum of Manitoba unless otherwise noted. Images may be subject to copyright. Ask before you right-click.