SeaWaves Today in History May 6, 2008 ********************************************************************* May 6 1536 - Jacques Cartier 1491-1557 leaves ship La Petite Hermine behind and sets sail from St. Croix for France; takes furs and pyrite ore he thinks is gold; accompanied by Chief Donnacona and 9 other Iroquois hostages, including 4 children 1604 - Sieur Pierre de Gua de Monts c1558-1628 arrives at Le Port du Rossignol (present day Lunenburg NS) with Champlain, Hebert and Baron Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt; asks Champlain to hunt for a good site for a trading colony; sailed from Havre-de-Grâce (Le Havre) March 7 1776- Charles Douglas arrives at Quebec with a British relief fleet; Thomas and the Americans abandon their siege and retreat upriver to Chambly 1814 - Lt. General Gordon Drummond's 1,100 troops having captured the American naval base of Fort Ontario, with its valuable supplies and schooners, Col. Fisher and Capt. Mulcaster hold the fort against counterattack. The base will be destroyed, and British control of Lake Ontario will be fixed until the close of the War of 1812 1850 - The steamer Commerce, carrying members of the Royal Welch Fusiliers and their families, collides with the Despatch on Lake Erie. Of the 112 people onboard Commerce, 33 drown as their ship takes on water and quickly sinks 1859 - Robert Hobson of the McClintock expedition finds a cairn with a paper signed by Fitzjames and Crozier, dated April 25, 1848, confirming their disaster; last log of the ill-fated Franklin expedition, sent to discover the North West passage 1860 - Hugh Allan's Allan steamship line wins government mail contract for weekly postal service to Liverpool 1901 - Niagara Parks Commission signs deal with Cataract Construction to divert water around the Falls to generate hydro electricity; start of Niagara's hydro industry 1909 - Great White Fleet anchors in San Francisco 1913 - Submarine USS H-1 (ex-Seawolf) launched Union Iron Works San Francisco 1913 - Submarine HMS E1 completed 1915 - Submarine HMS J2 launched 1916 - First ship-to-shore radio telephone voice conversation from USS New Hampshire off Virginia Capes to SECNAV Josephus Daniels in Washington DC 1917 - Submarine HMS L2 launched 1919 - Destroyer HMS Stronghold launched 1933 - Ferry Peralta (rebuilt as Kalakala) burns down 1935 - U-11 laid down 1936 - U-26 commissioned 1937 - The hydrogen-filled German dirigible Hindenburg burned and crashed at the Naval Air Station, Lakehurst NJ, killing 36 of the 97 people on board 1937 - Destroyers USS Patterson & Jarvis launched 1939 - U-53 launched 1940 - Patrol vessels (ex-yachts) HMCS Ambler & Beaver commissioned 1940 - HMS Ark Royal, now in position 69.00 N, 11.50 W flies off a Walrus at 1651 carrying Staff Officer Operations to Harstad to confer on the impending operations. These are immediately followed by two sections of Skuas (six aircraft) to fly fighter patrols over Harstad. At 2145, three Swordfish were dispatched to attack a surfaced U-boat that had been reported by the returning Skuas, but it was not sighted 1940 - Minesweeping trawler HMS Ash commissioned 1940 - Corvette HMS Calendula commissioned 1940 - Minesweeping trawler HMS Loch Naver sank after collision off Hartlepool 1941 - A British convoy bound for Egypt passed Gibraltar today. It is to be joined in an effort with a separate convoy from Egypt to Malta. This is the Tiger Convoy 1941 - Submarine HMS Sea Nymph laid down 1941 - U-613, U-614 laid down 1941 - At 1717, the Dunkwa, dispersed from Convoy OB-310, was torpedoed & sunk by U-103 216 miles WNW of Freetown. Five crewmembers and three gunners were lost. The master, 37 crewmembers and one gunner were picked up by Dutch merchantman Polydorus and landed at Oban 1941 - MS Surat sunk by U-103 at 08.23N, 15.13W 1941 - At 1052, the Oakdene, dispersed from Convoy OG-59, was hit by one torpedo from U-105 and sank NW of St. Paul Rocks. HMS Dorsetshire picked up the master, 31 crewmembers and three gunners 1941 - U-556 sank steam trawler Emanuel with gunfire 1941 - At 0240, HMS Camito was hit aft of amidships by one torpedo from U-97 WSW of Cape Clear, while escorting the Sangro to the UK. The Italian tanker had been taken as prize on 20 April, while sailing from Brazil to France. The U-boat had spotted the two ships at 1745 on 5 May and had problems to keep contact in heavy seas and bad visibility. Camito was missed at 0202 with a spread of two torpedoes and three minutes later with a stern torpedo before being hit, but continued at slow speed. The U-boat first chased the tanker, which caught fire after being hit by one torpedo at 0353 hours and then returned to the first vessel. Heilmann thought that she is a Q-ship and left the badly damaged ship, which sank the next day in 50°15N/21°16W 1942 - The river gunboats USS Oahu & Luzon and the minesweeper USS Quail are scuttled in Manila Bay. The commanding officer of the USS Quail, Lieutenant Commander John H. Morrill, another officer and 16 enlisted men, escape Manila Bay in a 36-foot motor launch from Quail 1942 - Corregidor Island surrendered. All United States organized resistance to the Japanese in the Philippine Archipelago ended 1942 - CAPT Milton Miles arrives in Chungking, China, to begin building an intelligence and guerilla training organization, Naval Group China 1942 - Three more US unarmed merchant ships are sunk by German submarines in the Atlantic and Caribbean. A tanker is sunk off Florida, a freighter is sunk in the Gulf of Mexico and another freighter is sunk in the Caribbean 1942 - AA cruiser HMS Sirius commissioned 1942 - Minesweeper USS Swallow launched 1942 - Destroyer USS Johnston laid down 1942 - At 1855, a lookout on the unescorted & unarmed Alcoa Puritan spotted a torpedo passing approximately 15 feet astern about 15 miles off the entrance to the Mississippi River. The master immediately ordered full speed and swung the ship to keep the U-boat dead astern to present as small a target as possible. U-507 surfaced and began to overtake the freighter that was running at 16.5 knots. Five minutes the U-boat began to shell the ship from a distance of one mile. In 40 minutes, about 75 rounds were fired, scoring about 50 hits and disabling the steering gear. Two of the crewmembers suffered minor shrapnel injuries. The crew of ten officers, 37 crewmen and seven passengers abandoned ship in one lifeboat and two rafts. At 19.43 hours, a torpedo was fired, which struck below the #4 hatch and caused the ship to sink stern first in eight minutes. U-507 then approached the survivors and a German officer with a megaphone shouted “Sorry we can’t help you - hope you get ashore” and waved as the U-boat sailed away. All hands were picked up by USCGC Boutwell the same day and landed at Burrwood, Louisiana, after a patrol bomber had spotted them. The passengers were repatriated seamen from the American steam tanker T.C. McCobb, which was sunk by the Italian submarine Pietro Calvi 600 miles off British Guyana 31 Mar 1942 1942 - At 0935, the unescorted Amazone was hit on the port side by a torpedo from U-333 and sank within two minutes off Miami. 14 crewmembers were lost (twelve men from the Dutch Antilles, one Dutch gunner and one Swiss crewman). The survivors were picked up by submarine chaser USS PC-484 and landed at Miami 1942 - U-263, U-337 commissioned 1942 - At 1125, the unescorted and unarmed Halsey was hit by two torpedoes from U-333 off Jupiter Inlet, Florida, while proceeding on a nonevasive course at 10.5 knots in bright moonlight. The torpedoes struck close together on the port side at the #2 and #3 main tanks. The explosion ripped a hole in the side 60 feet long. The master stopped the engines and headed toward the shore. No distress signal was sent, because the radio antenna had been destroyed. The entire crew of eight officers and 24 men abandoned ship in two lifeboats 15 minutes after the attack, the other two boats had been destroyed by the explosions. The men were nearly asphyxiated by the naphtha fumes before they could clear the ship. After one hour, the U-boat came alongside the lifeboats and offered assistance, but it was declined. The survivors recounted that the calcium lights on the lifebuoys ignited the naphtha two hours later. The tanker exploded amidships, broke in two and burst into flames both fore and aft. At the time of the explosion, USS PC-451 had approached the lifeboats but had to immediately investigate a probable sighting of a conning tower. Two fishing vessels later took the lifeboats in tow and brought them to the Gilbert Bar Lifeboat Station 1942 - At 0543, the unescorted Java Arrow was torpedoed twice by U-333 eight miles off Vero Beach, Florida. The first torpedo struck on the port side about 15 feet above the keel at the #5 tank, just aft of the bridge. The second struck on the port side about ten feet above the keel and demolished the engine room, killing two officers on watch below. Some of the surviving seven officers, 32 crewmen and six armed guards (the ship was armed with one 4in and four .30cal guns) abandoned ship after 20 minutes in a first lifeboat, the remaining men followed ten minutes later in a second boat. The survivors were picked up by USS PC-483 and a USCG craft and landed at Miami and Fort Pierce, Florida. A USCG officer boarded the tanker to ascertain the damage and concluded she could be saved, so the master and four men returned to the ship and dropped the starboard anchor to prevent the ship going aground on the beach. The master went to Fort Pierce to arrange the salvage tugs and returned later with 14 men. They cut through the anchor chain with an acetylene torch and remained on board. The tugs Ontario and Bafshe towed the tanker, escorted by USCG vessels, to Port Everglades, Florida arriving after 90 hours. In June 1942, the Java Arrow was given to the US Maritime Commission, repaired and returned to service in 1943 as Kerry Patch. 1944 renamed Celtic, but changed name again to Kerry Patch in 1945 1942 - ASW trawler HMS Senateur Duhamuel sank following collision off Morehead City NC 1942 - Submarine HMS Urge left Malta on 27 April 1942. She failed to arrive at Alexandria on 6 May and was reported overdue on that day. Most likely she was lost on Italian mines off Malta. There is also a possibility that she was sunk 29 April off Ras el Hilal, Libya by Italian aircraft or that she was sunk by the Italian torpedo boat Pegaso in the eastern Mediterranean 1943 - Escort carrier HMS Patroller launched 1943 - Submarine USS Batfish launched 1943 - Corvette HMS Dumbarton Castle laid down 1943 - Lighter, Covered (Self-propelled) YF-575 lost off Atlantic City 1943 - U-630 sunk in the North Atlantic NE of Newfoundland, in position 52.31N, 44.50W, by depth charges from destroyer HMS Vidette. 47 dead (all hands lost) 1943 - U-531 sunk in the North Atlantic NE of Newfoundland, in position 52.48N, 45.18W, by depth charges from destroyer HMS Vidette. 54 dead (all hands lost) 1943 - U-438 sunk in the North Atlantic NE of Newfoundland, in approximate position 52.00N, 45.10W, by depth charges from sloop HMS Pelican. 48 dead (all hands lost) 1943 - U-192 sunk in the North Atlantic SE of Cape Farewell in position 53.06N, 45.02W by depth charges from corvette HMS Loosestrife. 55 dead (all hands lost) 1943 - U-125 rammed & sunk east of Newfoundland, in position 52.30N, 45.20W, by destroyer HMS Oribi and gunfire by corvette HMS Snowflake. 54 dead (all hands lost) 1943 - U-764, U-977 commissioned 1943 - U-1021, U-1022 laid down 1944 - Frigates HMCS Outremont, Cape Breton, Waskesiu & Grou arrived Loch Ewe with Convoy RA-59 1944 - Tug HMCS Birchton launched United Shipyard Montreal 1944 - Frigate HMCS Toronto commissioned 1944 - Frigate HMCS Ettrick completed refit Halifax NS & assigned to EG C-3 1944 - U-66 is sunk about 290 miles west of the Cape Verde Islands, in position 17.17N, 32.29W, by depth charges, ramming and gunfire from Eastern Aircraft TBM Avenger and FM Wildcat aircraft of Composite Squadron Fifty Five (VC-55) in the escort aircraft carrier USS Block Island) & destroyer escort USS Buckley. 36 of the 60 submariners survive. Block Island and Buckley were part of Task Group 21.11, which has been hunting this submarine since 1 May; several attacks had been made, including three Fido homing torpedoes that were dropped on the U-boat. Finally in the early morning hours of the 6th, the crew of USS Buckley sighted U-66 and after an exchange of gunfire, Buckley rammed the U-boat at 0329. Many of the U-boat survivors, some with small arms, climbed on Buckley's forecastle and the Americans, thinking they were being boarded as in the days of sail, used small arms, hand grenades, fists and a coffee cup to subdue them. Buckley backed away from the U-boat leaving five armed Germans on the escort who were promptly subdued and taken below. The U-boat started to draw ahead but then turned and hit the escort near its engine room opening a hole on the starboard side and for the second time the U-boat was raked with gunfire. The U-boat finally sank after a salvo from Buckley's 3-inch gun after one of the longest fights in the war 1944 - The Mitsubishi A7M1, Navy Experimental 17-Shi Ko (A) Type Carrier Fighter Reppu (Hurricane) makes its first flight. The aircraft had been under development since 1942 as a replacement for the Mitsubishi A6M, Navy Type 0 Carrier Fighter, Allied Code Name "Zeke." The A7M1 was as maneuverable as the "Zeke" but was underpowered and lacked performance. Only ten of these aircraft, given the Allied Code Name "Sam," were built by Mitsubishi at Nagoya 1944 - Minesweeper HMS Chameleon launched 1944 - Frigate HMCS Toronto commissioned 1944 - Frigate USS Brownsville commissioned 1944 - Two men from U-348 stepped on a land mine near Stavanger. One was killed, the other wounded. The boat departed for its second patrol from Bergen on the 20th. [Bootsmaat Günter Labahn] 1944 - SS Anadyr, dispersed from Convoy TJ-30, was torpedoed & sunk by U-129 about 600 miles SSE of Recife. Four crewmembers and two gunners were lost. The master and seven survivors landed at Porto de Galhinas near Recife and 39 survivors landed 20 miles south of Recife 1944 - U-66 sunk west of the Cape Verde Islands, in position 17.17N, 32.29W, by depth charges, ramming and gunfire from Avenger and Wildcat aircraft of escort carrier USS Block Island & destroyer escort USS Buckley. 24 dead and 36 survivors 1944 - U-473 sunk at 0200 hrs in the North Atlantic WSW of Ireland, in position 49.29N, 21.22W, by depth charges from sloops HMS Starling, Wren & Wild Goose. 23 dead and 30 survivors 1944 - U-765 sunk in the North Atlantic, in position 52.30N, 28.28W, by depth charges from two 825 Sqn Swordfish from escort carrier HMS Vindex & frigates HMS Bickerton, Bligh & Aylmer. 37 dead and 11 survivors 1944 - U-778 launched 1944 - U-325 commissioned 1944 - Coast Guard manned Army vessel FS-156 was commissioned at Los Angeles with LTJG William H. Burgess, USCG, as her commanding officer. She was assigned to and operated in the Southwest Pacific area. She was decommissioned at Manila 14 September 1945, and all Coast Guard personnel removed 1944 - Coast Guard-manned Army vessel FS-157 was commissioned at Los Angeles. Her commanding officer was LT Lester B. P. Dale. She was assigned to and operated in the Southwest Pacific area 1944 - Coast Guard-manned Army FS-170 was commissioned. She was assigned to the Southwest Pacific area. 1945 - The battleships and cruisers of TF 63 shell Port Blair in the Andaman Islands 1945 - U-862 taken over by Japan at Singapore on 6 May 1945, and became the Japanese submarine I 502 15 July 1945 1945 - RN 804 Sqn Hellcat a/c #JX803 ditched port side of ship during Operation "BISHOP" strikes on the Nicobar & Andaman Islands off Port Blair in the Indian Ocean. Pilot lost 1945 - Naval landing force evacuates 500 Marshallese from Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Islands 1945 - Off Okinawa, kamikazes damages ship USS Pathfinder & seaplane tender St George 1945 - Heavy cruiser USS Toledo launched 1945 - Destroyer escort USS Atherton, while en route from New York to Boston, encountered a U-boat. After four depth charge attacks, pieces of broken wood, cork, mattresses, and an oil slick broke the surface. Atherton, in conjunction with frigate USS Moberly, was later credited with destroying U-853 1945 - U-195 is taken over by the Japanese at Soerebaja 1945 - U-219 is taken over by the Japanese at Batavia 1945 - U-181 & U-862 are taken over by the Japanese at Singapore 1945 - U-881 sunk in the North Atlantic SE of Newfoundland, in position 43.18N, 47.44W, by depth charges from destroyer escort USS Farquhar. 53 dead (all hands lost) 1945 - U-1008 sunk in the Kattegat north of Hjelm Island, in position 56.14N, 10.51E, by depth charges from an RAF 86 Sqn Liberator. 44 survivors (No casualties) 1945 - U-3523 sunk at 1839hrs in the Skaggerak east of Århus, Denmark, in position 57.52N, 10.49E, by depth charges from an RAF 86 Sqn Liberator. 58 dead (all hands lost) 1952 - Aircraft carrier HMCS Magnificent conducts landing trials for HO4S helicopter 1954 - RCN VS 880 Avenger (s/n) 85823, while flying back from Bermuda in formation dropped out & crashed in the sea approximately 75 miles south of Yarmouth NS 1958 - Frigate HMCS Buckingham recommissioned as training ship for HMCS Cornwallis 1963 - Destroyer HMCS Mackenzie arrived Esquimalt BC for first time; her only homeport 1965 - USS Ranger completed Vietnam deployment 1975 - USS Coral Sea port call Singapore 1985 - Murmansk and Smolensk are awarded the titles of Hero Cities 1994 - Britain's Queen Elizabeth II and French President Francois Mitterrand formally opened the Channel Tunnel between their countries 1996 - The body of former CIA director William E. Colby was found washed up on a riverbank in southern Maryland, eight days after he'd disappeared 2003 - USNS Denebola laid up Brooklyn NY 2003 - USNS Pollux & Regulus laid up New Orleans LA 2003 - USS Abraham Lincoln and USS Kitty Hawk return to their respective homeports of Everett and Yokosuka after combat operations against Iraq 2004 - USNS Denebola activated 2005 - Launching on Friday 6 may is easyCruise, the latest venture from Stelios the serial entrepreneur. Stelios is also the easyGroup chairman who founded easyJet the low cost European airline. easyCruise is sailing along the French and Italian Rivieras and is designed for independently minded people in their 20's, 30's and 40's. This is a very different profile from the typical cruise passenger but already 75% of people who have booked with easyCruise are aged between 18 and 40, with an average age of 35. So far, passengers of 42 different nationalities have booked cruises. easyCruise has succeeded in attracting young passengers by using true innovation. The ship, easyCruiseOne, stays in port every night until 4am so passengers can really enjoy the nightlife in port. The ship then sails to the next port, arriving by lunchtime and staying until 4am the next day. This cycle is repeated on a daily basis. Further innovation by easyCruise means that passengers join and leave the cruise where and when they wish, with a 2 night minimum, 14 night maximum stay so passengers themselves chose for how long they want to cruise. Prices start at GBP 25 / 37.5 Euros / $45 per person per night for a standard twin cabin (based on 2 people sharing) so easyCruise represents a great value way to visit the playground of the rich and famous. The purchase of food and drink (on board and on shore) is for each passenger to decide and buy. Ports of call are Nice, Cannes, St Tropez, Monaco, Imperia (for San Remo), Genoa and Portofino. easyCruiseOne is 88 meters long and can take 170 passengers and 54 crew. the ship has 86 cabins (twins, quads and suites), a sports bar with DJ, a coffee bar, an outdoor cocktail bar with hot tub and a gym 2005 - To commemorate 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Channel Islands, Royal Navy ships made the following visits: HMS Leeds Castle & RFA Fort Austin to Guernsey, HMS Cottesmore & Dulverton to St Peter Port and HMS Albion, Severn & Mersey to St Helier 2005 - Peter Adams, MP for Peterborough, announced today on behalf of Geoff Regan, Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, that the federal government and the Township of Smith-Ennismore-Lakefield have reached an agreement on the divestiture of the federal harbor facility in Lakefield. As part of the divestiture, the federal government will provide funding for the complete rehabilitation of the Lakefield (Upper) Wharf, which has been barricaded due to its unsafe condition for the past two years. The project will be completed through a Joint Project Agreement between Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s Small Craft Harbors Branch, and the Township of Smith-Ennismore-Lakefield. Under this agreement, Fisheries and Oceans Canada will provide up to $900,000 in funding to the Township over two fiscal years to reconstruct the wharf to safe standards. The Township will administer the project, as well as participate in a portion of the funding. Once the project is completed and the funding has been conveyed, the Lakefield (Upper) Wharf will be transferred to the Township, under the Small Craft Harbors’ Recreational Harbor Divestiture Program. Federal holdings at Lakefield comprise a 100-year-old, 200-metre long marginal wharf and associated property, located on the Trent-Severn Waterway in the Village of Lakefield. The wharf fronts municipal property and infrastructure in support of the Lakefield Marina. The proposed project involves the demolition of the existing wharf and construction of a new wharf of steel sheet bin design. The project is expected to begin this fall to be completed for the re-opening of the marina for the 2006 boating season 2005 - Malaysia and Indonesia agreed to refrain from staging shows of force in the South Sulawesi Sea, where the neighbors are in dispute over maritime boundaries, Malaysia's deputy prime minister said. Najib Razak told a joint news conference with visiting Indonesian Vice-President Jusuf Kalla that the two countries had agreed their navies would not flex their muscles over the issue 2005 - A decommissioned submarine with military equipment on board intended for export as metal scrap to China was detained by Petropavlovsk-Kamtchatsky customs inspectors, a press statement from the city’s customs department said Thursday. The submarine, which was demilitarized and removed from the list of Russian naval vessels, had a declaration that was provided by a state-run enterprise and official exporter of utilized arms. A regional Federal Security Service inspection revealed that the diesel submarine had six torpedo tubes that were not dismantled as was required by Customs. An administrative investigation has been launched against the exporter on grounds that the declaration was inauthentic. In the interest of a fair investigation, neither the name of this company nor the list of objectionable equipment has been made public. The offenders may have to pay a fine between 50 and 200 percent of the submarine’s value and relinquish the vessel to confiscation 2005 - Transport Minister Jean-C. Lapierre, along with R. John Efford, Minister of Natural Resources and Regional Minister for Newfoundland and Labrador, announced the release of the report of the advisory committee examining the future of Marine Atlantic Inc 2005 - Portland Coastguard hosted a major planning exercise named “Exercise Condex.” The aim of the exercise was for all participants to test how effective their plans are for a major incident using elements of Search and Rescue (SAR), counter pollution and salvage. SAR co-operation plans, Maritime and Coastguard Agency major incident plans plus the major incident plans of affected authorities are being tested. The exercise participants are representatives from all the primary emergency authorities 2005 - Frigate BAP Aguirre (ex-NMM Lupo) commissioned at La Spezia 2006 - Lieutenant-Commander Darren Chapman RN killed when Lynx was shot down over Iraq 2006 - The sixth and seventh Austal-built Armidale-class patrol boats were named "Maitland" and "Ararat" in an official naming ceremony held at the Austal shipyard in Henderson, Western Australia 2006 - Families of crewmembers serving on the ill-fated World War II submarine USS Lagarto (SS 371) will gather in Manitowoc, Wis., to honor the men whose submarine went missing six decades ago and was only recently located by divers. Rear Adm. Jeffrey B. Cassias, commander of the US Pacific Fleet's submarine force, will serve as the keynote speaker at the ceremony held at the Wisconsin Maritime Museum in Manitowoc, where Lagarto was built. Jamie MacLeod, a British wreck diver who located the Lagarto wreck in the Gulf of Thailand last year, will also be on hand 2006 - The last American survivor of the Titanic wreck has died in the state of Massachusetts aged 99. Lillian Gertrud Asplund was five when the ship went down in the North Atlantic after hitting an iceberg. She was the last survivor of the tragedy with actual memories of the sinking on 15 April, 1912 2006 - Veteran CBC news anchor Lorne Saxberg died in a snorkeling accident while on vacation in Phuket, Thailand 2006 - Members from the Coast Guard, Coast Guard Auxiliary, Kauai Fire Department, and Kauai Ocean Safety are currently searching for a child in the water near Anahola Bay, Kauai. The Kauai Police Department contacted the Coast Guard Sector Honolulu Command Center at 1156 and reported three people were in distress near Anahola Bay on the northeast end of Kauai. Two people, a woman and child, were rescued by members of Ocean Safety and taken to Wilcox Memorial Hospital. The one child still remains missing 2007 - Indonesian Navy recovers a torpedo in the sea near Tanjung Binga in Bangka Belitung ============================================================= Sources: Colton Shipping Report, NOAA, MARAD, Marine Digest, Leo Pettipas, Kommersant, Samuel Loring Morison, Frank Pierce Young, Navy Times, Naval Institute Proceedings, www.uboat.net, Andrew Etherington, John Nicholas, US Naval Historical Center, Ministry of Defense, US Coast Guard, Thomas N. Carlson, Jack Arrowsmith, Allan Snowie, Ken Hansen, Andy Barber, John Weiss, Jack McKillop, Bernard de Neumann, Sympatico Today in History, Washington History Link, Lloyds List, Fairplay, New York Times, I-Newswire and other news sources in the public domain. Additions, submissions and corrections are always welcomed. ============================================================= Today in History Archives at: http://www.seawaves.com/newsletters/today_in_history_archive.htm Copyright 2008 Shirlaw News Group ISSN 1710-6966 Photos courtesy of US Naval Historical Center, US Coast Guard Historical Center, Wikipedia Encyclopedia or Naval Museum of Manitoba unless otherwise noted. Images may be subject to copyright. Ask before you right-click.