SeaWaves Today in History May 11, 2007 ********************************************************************* May 11 1647 - Peter Stuyvesant arrived in New Amsterdam to become governor 1684 - La Rochelle merchant Bergier appointed by Louis XIV as his 'lieutenant in the government of the country and coasts of Acadia;' sends out two ships, the St. Louis and the Marianne, to chase off New England fishermen sold licenses by Michel de la Vallière; arrives back at France in October 1690 - Sir William Phips and an attack force of 700 men in 8 ships reaches Port Royal in Acadia. The 65 defenders of the port offer no resistance 1792 - Captain Robert Gray becomes the first non-Indian navigator to enter the Columbia River, which he later names after his ship 1833 - Passenger ship Lady of the Lake sinks after striking an iceberg between Quebec and England; 215 people drown 1841 - Wilkes begins first American survey of Puget Sound 1862 - CSS Virginia blown up by Confederates to prevent capture 1870 - Canada's agent in London. Sir John Rose delivers a bank draft for £300,000 (the equivalent of $11 million) to the Hudson's Bay Company in full payment for the title to Rupert's Land. The land includes all territories drained by rivers flowing into Hudson Bay (most of today's Prairie provinces, northern Ontario, NW Quebec and portions of the NW Territories.) The HBC keeps blocks of land around its trading posts and 1/20 of the fertile belt (2.8 million hectares). 1898 - Sailors and Marines from USS Marblehead cut transoceanic cable near Cienfuegos, Cuba, isolating Cuba from Spain 1918 - Destroyers USS Bagley & Clemson laid down 1918 - Destroyers USS Breese & Gamble launched 1918 - Destroyer HMS Wessex commissioned 1920 - Destroyer USS Parrott commissioned 1922 - Submarine USS S-31 commissioned 1923 - Submarine USS S-38 commissioned 1935 - Light cruiser HNLMS De Ruyter launched 1937 - Minesweeper HNLMS Pieter Florisz launched 1938 - Submarine HMS Tigris laid down 1940 - U-81, U-356 laid down 1940 - SS Tringa sunk by U-9 at 51.21N, 02.25E 1940 - SS Viiu sunk by U-9 1940 - Allied troops landed at Curaçao and Aruba to prevent possible German attempts at sabotage in the important oil refineries of these islands 1940 - At 0540 HMS Ark Royal, in company with the anti-aircraft cruiser HMS Curlew and destroyers HMS Inglefield, HMS Mashona, HMS Jaguar, and HMS Encounter at position 71.02N, 15.25 E, received a signal from Flag Officer Narvik requesting fighter patrols over HMS Penelope and convoy, HMS Aurora off Narvik, and HMS Enterprise and convoy bringing the Scots Guards to Mo. Determining that the distance involved precluded performing all three missions simultaneously, Ark endeavored to cover the two convoys 1940 - US President Franklin D. Roosevelt issues a proclamation (1) proclaiming American neutrality in the European war and (2) restricting belligerent submarines from using US ports and territorial waters, excluding the Panama Canal Zone 1940 - U-81, U-356 laid down 1940 - SS Tringa sunk by U-9 at 51.21N, 02.25E 1940 - SS Viiu sunk by U-9 1941 - City of Shanghai (Master Arthur Frank Goring), dispersed on 28 April from Convoy OB-313, was spotted by U-103, but the lookouts of the vessel also spotted the U-boat and tried to escape. Schütze wrote in the KTB - Nun muss er fallen, wenn ich auch nur einen Aal im Rohr habe (Now he must fall, even if I have only one torpedo in my tube). At 0148 on 11 May, after a hunt of 19 hours, U-103 fired the last torpedo and hit the City of Shanghai, which was then finished off with the 105-mm gun off St Paul Rocks. Six crewmembers were lost. The master and 27 crewmembers were picked up by the Dutch merchant Stad Arnhem and landed at Freetown. 17 crewmembers were rescued by the British merchantman Richmond Castle and landed at Glasgow. 22 crewmembers were picked up by the Argentinean merchantman Josefina S & landed at Pernambuco 1941 - Submarine HMS Undaunted sailed from Malta on 1 May for a patrol off Tripoli. She was due to return to Malta on 11 May but she failed to do so and is presumed lost on mines. It is also possible that she was sunk by the Italian torpedo boat Pegaso which had sailed from Tripoli on the 12th. At 2030 that evening Pegaso signaled that she had attacked a submarine with depth charges and that a large patch of oil had been observed, an indication of the submarines destruction. Against this theory is the fact that by that date Undaunted should have been back at Malta but it is possible that a decision to remain at sea longer had been taken or that she had suffered mechanical problems preventing her return. It is also possible that she was sunk by the Italian torpedo boat Pleiade off Tripoli on the 13th but this is not very likely 1941 - Corvette FS Mimosa (ex-HMS Mimose) commissioned 1941 - U110 sinks on tow to Iceland 1941 - Five Royal Navy destroyers bombard Benghazi 1942 - At 1943, the unescorted Cape of Good Hope was torpedoed and sunk by gunfire by U-502 NE of the Virgin Islands. The boat of the master with 18 survivors landed on Tortola, Virgin Islands on 24 May. The boat of the chief officer with 19 survivors landed after 18 days at Burgentra near Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic 1942 - U-313 laid down 1942 - U-266 launched 1942 - Minesweeper HMAS Cairns commissioned 1942 - Destroyer USS Bailey commissioned 1942 - German submarine U-553 torpedoes British steamer Nicoya and Dutch ship Leno near Anticosti Island; Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence begins between the Royal Canadian Navy and German U-boats 1942 - British destroyers HMS Lively, Kipley, Jackal are sunk by German aircraft from Crete 1943 - SS Tinhow sunk by U-181 at 25.15S, 33.30E 1943 - At 2340, the Nailsea Meadow was torpedoed and sunk by U-196 40 miles south of Port St Johns, Cape Colony. Two crewmembers were lost. The master, 34 crewmembers & seven gunners were picked up by the SAAF crash launch R 6 and landed at East London on 12 May 1943 - At 2000, U-402 attacked Convoy SC-129 about 300 miles NW of the Azores and claimed two ships sunk (Antigone and Grado) of 9000 tons. Three crewmembers from the Antigone were lost. The master, 35 crewmembers and seven gunners were picked up by British rescue ship Melrose Abbey & landed at Gourock on 20 May. All hands abandoned Grado, 16 of them were picked up by British rescue ship Melrose Abbey and the remaining men were picked up by the escort vessels 1943 - U-528 sunk in the North Atlantic SW of Ireland, in position 46.55N, 14.44W, by depth charges from an RAF 58 Sqn Halifax & by depth charges from sloop HMS Fleetwood. 1 dead and 45 survivors 1943 - Destroyer HMS Hesperus depth charged the U-223 to the surface and then rammed her on 11 May. 2 men were lost overboard; U-359 rescued one of them and transferred him back to U-223 on 14 May as she had managed to escape the destroyer. U-223 returned to port on 24 May but did not sail again until 14 Sept while being repaired. [Matrosengefreiter Heinz Hoog] 1943 - At 0441, the Fort Concord, a straggler from Convoy HX-237 was torpedoed & sunk by U-456 about 350 miles north of the Azores. The master, 28 crewmembers and eight gunners were lost. The Chief Officer J.B. Tunbridge, 17 crewmembers and one passenger (DBS) were rescued by HMCS Drumheller & landed at Londonderry. On 18 May, U-103 sighted a raft with five survivors from the Fort Concord and took J. Oxton, the 15 years old ship’s boy and the second engineer Huxley as prisoners on board. They gave the food and water to the remaining three survivors (two Indians and a Japanese) and left the area, but these men were never found 1943 - U-875, U-1234 laid down 1943 - U-856 launched 1943 - Escort carrier USS Kasaan Bay laid down 1943 - Frigate USS Muskegon laid down 1943 - Destroyer USS Braine commissioned 1943 - Naval task force lands Army troops on Attu, Aleutians. By June 3 all organized Japanese resistance on Attu had, ended. The US Navy’s Task Force 51 supports the operation consisting of the battleships USS Idaho, Nevada & Pennsylvania; the auxiliary aircraft carrier USS Nassau with Composite Squadron Two One (VC-21) and Marine Observation Squadron One Hundred Fifty Five (VMO-155) embarked; eight destroyers; plus the transports and escorts which included two Royal Canadian Navy Flower-class corvettes, HMCS Dawson & Vancouver. The heavy cruisers USS San Francisco & Wichita, light cruiser USS Louisville and four destroyers support northern Force. The light cruisers USS Detroit, Raleigh, Richmond & Santa Fe plus five destroyers support the Southern Force 1943 - Minesweeper HMCS Fort Frances laid down Port Arthur ON 1943 - Trawler HMS Anticosti commenced refit Louisbourg NS 1943 - Corvette HMCS Kenogami departed Londonderry with EG B-4 & Convoy ON-183. The convoy arrived safely at New York City on 25 May 1944 - At 1632, U-9 fired a Gnat at a convoy consisting of a tanker, a torpedo boat, a minesweeper and seven smaller escorts covered by three MBR flying boats and observed a heavy detonation after 2 minutes 31 seconds. The torpedo damaged the Shtorm. U-9 was depth charged by a Soviet escort & suffered slight damage 1944 - Empire Heath was torpedoed and sunk by U-129 ENE of Rio de Janeiro. The master, 45 crewmembers and nine gunners were lost. The U-boat took prisoner one crewmember 1944 - U-312 had to return to base due to technical problems with the engines 1944 - Submarine USS Gudgeon reported missing on her 12th patrol. No survivors 1944 - U-1058 launched 1944 - U-826, U-880 commissioned 1944 - Submarine USS Cubera laid down 1944 - Destroyer escort USS Ebert launched 1944 - Minesweeper USS Success & Superior launched 1944 - Frigate HMS Halladale commissioned 1944 - Destroyer HMS Wessex commissioned 1944 - Minesweeper USS Control commissioned 1944 - Destroyer escort USS Oberrender commissioned 1944 - Corvette HMCS Beauharnois launched Quebec City PQ 1944 - Corvette HMCS Cobourg commissioned 1945 - Destroyer USS Hanson commissioned 1945 - Off Okinawa, two kamikazes crash into the Task Force 58 flagship, the aircraft carrier USS Bunker Hill with Carrier Air Group Eighty Four (CVG-84) aboard. Kamikazes also damage the destroyer USS Evans and a large support landing craft (LCS) and a "Baka" rocket-powered glide bomb damages the destroyer USS Hugh W Hadley. Hugh W Hadley & Evans not repaired after end of the war 1945 - Frigate HMCS Thetford Mines arrived Lough Foyle escorting 8 surrendered U-boats 1945 - Corvettes HMCS Leaside & Edmunston and frigate HMCS Poundmaker departed Londonderry escorting Convoy ONS-50 1946 - Aircraft carrier USS Philippine Sea commissioned 1949 - Siam changed its named to Thailand 1954 - Three ex-US Army copies of the Piasecki HUP-3 were taken on strength by the RCN by Shearwater-based VH 21 1957 - Minesweeper HMCS Chaleur launched Sorel PQ 1961 - Submarine HMCS Grilse (ex-USS Burrfish) commissioned 1965 - US destroyers deliver first shore bombardment of Vietnam War 1967 - USS Intrepid commenced Vietnam deployment 1968 - USS Ranger port call Subic Bay 1972 - USS Ticonderoga commenced Vietnam deployment 1975 - USS Midway port call Guam 1982 - Argentine supply ship Isla de Estados sunk by HMS Alacrity in Falkland Sound 1983 - Mob of 100 fishermen burn and sink two fisheries patrol boats at to protest lobster quotas at West Pubnico Nova Scotia 2003 - USNS Algol laid up at New Orleans LA 2003 - SS Cape Isabel laid up Long Beach CA RRF 2004 - Construction of a shipping canal between the Danube and the Black Sea begins 2005 - The Federal, Provincial and Municipal Governments announced that they will jointly invest close to $110 million to clean up the St. Charles River and to renaturalize its riverbanks. The announcement was made by Claude Drouin on behalf of the Minister of State (Infrastructure and Communities), John Godfrey, together with Quebec's Minister of Transport and Minister responsible for the Capitale-Nationale region, Michel Despres, on behalf of the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Regions, Nathalie Normandeau, and the Mayor of Quebec City, Jean-Paul L'Allier. The St. Charles River clean water initiative will require the construction of retention ponds that will reduce incidents of flooding. These ponds will store the excess run-off water that is captured by wastewater systems when it rains, and redirect the surplus water to the wastewater treatment plant, where it will be treated after the peak treatment period has ended. The Government of Canada and the Government of Quebec reached an agreement-in-principle confirming their commitment to jointly contribute approximately $73 million to this priority under the Canada Strategic Infrastructure Fund. Quebec City will also provide one third of the costs for this priority 2005 - RCMP patrol vessel Murray commissioned Charlottetown PEI 2005 - NASA launches new National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES), a critical link in the development of a global Earth-observation program. NOAA-N, will lift off at 0322 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif 2005 - A lifelong love of sailing coupled with a driving desire to help the less fortunate has led an Indianapolis man to set out on what will eventually become an around-the-world journey of hope and education for children of all nationalities. George Saidah, a successful entrepreneur and software engineer, is the founder and executive director of Heart of Sailing, a nonprofit foundation whose major function is to bring the wonder of the seafaring world to children with cognitive disorders. His first voyage will begin this fall with what Saidah hopes will become a lifetime of exposing children to possibilities they otherwise would not experience. Saidah will travel from port to port in the United States, pick up between eight to 12 children and their caregivers, and take them on daylong sailing excursions. He is quick to point out, however, that the Heart of Sailing program offers more than just the simple pleasure of an afternoon on the water 2005 - At 0750 Dover Coastguard RCC received a Mayday call from the angling boat Adventurer with two men on board reporting that they were out of fuel and sinking 1.6 nautical miles south west of Rye Harbor. Rye Coastguard rescue team were called and the Rye RNLI inshore lifeboat was requested to launch. Dover Coastguard broadcast a mayday relay and received a response from the MV Torrent. Torrent was asked to go and standby the Adventurer until the arrival of the inshore lifeboat. The inshore lifeboat towed the vessel back to Rye where the men were met by the Rye coastguard team 2005 - A Coastguard rescue tug is heading for a Polish submarine which has broken down off the northwest coast of Scotland. The diesel-powered Kondor, with 22 people on board, developed engine problems 15 miles north east of Cape Wrath. The vessel is said to be proceeding slowly on the surface. A spokesman for the Ministry of Defense said that no one had been injured and the vessel was in no immediate danger. The tug is expected to reach the submarine late afternoon 2005 - Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) announced today that a Parksville resident, Ray Martel, was fined $2,000 for retaining prawns during a prawn commercial closure. In March 2005, a fishery officer investigated a complaint regarding the presence of fresh prawns at a local Port Alberni fish market. No fisheries authorizing sale of prawns were open coast wide during this time. The only retention fishery was recreational or aboriginal fishing. Further investigations by the fishery officer lead to the conviction of Mr. Martel, the skipper of shrimp vessel Ishuda. Mr. Martel had caught, retained and distributed prawns during a prawn commercial closure. In Port Alberni court, Mr. Martel pled guilty to illegally retaining 20 pounds of prawns caught during the commercial shrimp trawl fishery as bycatch. All prawns were seized, including the cheque stub and for sale sign posted at the fish market 2005 - A US sailor who refused to board a warship bound for Iraq because he objects to the American invasion on moral grounds was convicted in a court martial. Navy Petty Officer Pablo Paredes, who refused to board the USS Bonhomme Richard as it was preparing to sail from San Diego in December, was convicted by a Navy judge on a charge of missing his deployment. Paredes, 23, a rallying point for opponents of the war in Iraq, was driven by conscience, an international law specialist testified on Wednesday. US Navy Judge Robert Klant dismissed a second charge of unauthorized absence from his post. Paredes faces a maximum sentence of one year in prison, a bad conduct discharge, loss of two thirds of his pay and a demotion 2005 - MV Fundy Paradise placed up for sale by Crown Assets at Sydney NS 2005 - In recognition of both the Year of the Veteran and of National Nursing Week twenty members of the local chapter of the Nursing Sisters Association of Nova Scotia will be honored at a luncheon hosted by nurses currently serving at the Canadian Forces Hospital at CFB Halifax 2005 - USS Mustin rescued 27 people from MV Olympias when an engine-room fire engulfed the vessel at 2300 local time in the Northern Persian Gulf. Mustin, currently conducting maritime security operations (MSO) in the area, responded immediately after receiving word from USS Carl Vinson of the vessel in distress. Vinson is also deployed to the Northern Persian Gulf conducting MSO and providing air support for multinational forces on the ground in Iraq. The crew of Olympias notified Vinson of the fire via bridge-to-bridge radio. When crewmembers from the destroyer arrived on scene, they found the motor vessel’s superstructure burning and 27 people from Olympias jumping into a life raft. Mustin Sailors safely transferred 25 Indians, a Nepalese and one Sri Lankan to the destroyer’s rigid-hull inflatable boats, or RHIBs. Those aboard the Panamanian-flagged vessel boarded the USN ship, where they received food, clothing and medical attention. Navy corpsmen report that all passengers are in good health. The cause of the fire is unknown 2005 - NOAA released another useful tool for scientists and coastal managers to monitor and restore the environment in the coastal zone. Science-Based Restoration Monitoring of Coastal Habitats, Volume Two: Tools for Monitoring Coastal Habitats is the second in a series of books focusing on important information that can be used in coastal habitats nationwide. NOAA is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2005 - NOAA’s National Data Buoy Center has announced the selection of Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) of San Diego, Calif., for the award of its Performance-Based Technical Services contract. This contract is a single award, Indefinite Delivery-Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract. Under the contract SAIC will provide life cycle support for NOAA’s Marine Observation Network, other buoy programs including the network of Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) stations and its Data Assembly Center. Contract functions will include assembly, operation, maintenance and repair of buoy and land based environmental data collection networks; operation of the NDBC facilities; testing of existing and new buoy systems; data processing and transmissions; logistics support; quality assurance and safety; and configuration and scientific support for new technology, development and test programs. Located on the Mississippi Gulf Coast at John C. Stennis Space Center in Bay St. Louis, Miss., NDBC is comprised of a combination of NOAA civil service employees, US Coast Guard personnel and a service contractor. Working as an integrated team, NDBC manages the development, operation and maintenance of the Marine Observation Network (MON). This team serves as NOAA’s focal point for data buoy and associated meteorological and environmental monitoring 2005 - Ocean explorer and scientist Robert Ballard, and Frank Kudrna, an expert on Great Lakes issues, have been appointed to the NOAA Science Advisory Board. The Science Advisory Board advises the NOAA administrator and leadership on long- and short-range strategies for research, education and the application of science to resource management and environmental assessment and prediction. Lautenbacher appoints members for three-year terms to the 15-member board. Best known for his discovery of the Titanic in 1985, Ballard is president of the Institute for Exploration at the Mystic Aquarium in Mystic, Conn. He was a scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and retired as a senior scientist and director of the Center for Marine Exploration. He is an Explorer-in-Resident of the National Geographic Society and was a commissioner on the US Commission on Ocean Policy. Ballard’s JASON project allows thousands of school children to follow the oceanographer on his undersea adventures. Since 1998, Kudrna has been the chief executive officer of Kudrna & Associates, Ltd., a consulting firm offering diverse civil engineering expertise. He has served on many boards dealing with Great Lakes and water issues. He was chairman of the Illinois delegation to the Great Lakes Commission for 25 years and serves on the NOAA National Sea Grant Review Panel, which he previously chaired 2005 - An agreement on marine transport between the governments of the DPRK and Syria was signed in Damascus. Present at the signing ceremony from the DPRK side were members of the delegation of the Ministry of Land and Marine Transport led by Minister Kim Yong Il and the DPRK ambassador to Syria and, from the Syrian side, Minister Makram Obeid and officials of the Ministry of Transportation. Kim Yong Il and Makram Obeid inked the agreement. The minutes of the talks on marine transport were also signed between the delegations of the DPRK Ministry of Land and Marine Transport and the Syrian Ministry of Transportation 2006 - Freedom of the Seas, scheduled to make her first US appearance in New York. She is 160,000 gross registered tons, holds 3,600 guests double-occupancy & is 15 decks tall 2006 - BC Ferries has selected Coastal Renaissance, Coastal Inspiration and Coastal Celebration as the names for its three new Super C-class vessels that will begin operating between Horseshoe Bay-Departure Bay and Swartz Bay-Tsawwassen early in 2008 2006 - Concordia Maritime's and Brodosplit shipyard's boards have issued final approval of the newbuilding contract for vessels number seven and eight in Concordia Maritimes P-MAX-series. Estimated time for delivery is the 4th quarter 2009 2006 - Coast Guard Air Station Clearwater held an awards ceremony at Ruth Eckerd Hall in Clearwater to honor nearly 300 Coast Guard members who aided in Hurricanes Katrina and Rita rescue and relief efforts. Various types of awards will be presented, including Achievement Medals, Air Medals and possibly a Distinguished Flying Cross 2006 - An Air Station Traverse City HH-65 helicopter medically evacuated a 60-year-old woman from Beaver Island 2006 - Financial checks on the fishing industry in the Barents Sea, which Norway shares with Russia, will continue until November of this year, the Russian Audit Chamber said 2006 - The pilot of a Russian helicopter that crashed off the island of Sakhalin died, a spokesman for the local emergencies ministry said. "The pilot died on the way to the hospital after sustaining a broken spine," he said. "The other 12 people traveling on board [the helicopter] have been taken to the hospital." The Mi-14 helicopter owned by a Sakhalin company crashed early in the morning during a Russian-Japanese exercise to respond to an oil spill in the Sea of Okhotsk. Eight rescuers and five crewmembers were on board 2006 - Parsons, in conjunction with Flatiron Constructors, Inc., and Granite Construction Company, will design and construct the new Mississippi River bridge connecting New Roads and St. Francisville, Louisiana. Commissioned by the Louisiana Department of Transportation & Development (LADOTD), this new Mississippi River crossing will be the longest cable-stayed bridge in North America, surpassing by 37 feet the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge in South Carolina, which has a 1,546-foot main span 2006 - USCG Station St. Clair Shores rescued two teenagers half a mile offshore near Madison Avenue at 1741. Station St. Clair Shores received notification from St Clair police dispatch reporting a 15ft overturned canoe; two teenagers were in the water and needed assistance. A 25' RB-S from Station St. Clair Shores was deployed. Upon arriving on scene, the teenagers were recovered and pulled to safety. The rescued teenagers were transferred to local EMS 2006 - President Hosni Mubarak and his German counterpart Hoerst Koehler opened Egypt's Sunken Treasures exhibition in Berlin 2006 - The 235-tonne nose section of Ambush, the second Astute-class submarine, hit the streets. The massive steel construction is the height of a four-story house. It was carried the quarter-mile up Bridge Road from the New Assembly Shop to Devonshire Dock Hall on a 48-wheeled Schelierle transporter at approximately 4km-per-hour.The nose joined seven other sections of Ambush already being fitted out in the Devonshire Dock Hall, which is the largest facility of its kind in Europe. Since a revised program for the construction of the Astute class submarines was agreed with the Ministry of Defense, BAE Systems Submarines in Barrow has met or exceeded every production milestone 2006 - Four decades after they were evicted from their island homes by British colonial authorities, the inhabitants of the Chagos Islands (including Diego Garcia) came a step closer to realizing their dream of returning home yesterday after the High Court issued a landmark judgment in their favor 2006 - About 100 oil-coated Magellanic penguins have turned up dead in the past two weeks in a nature reserve near the frigid southernmost tip of Argentina, local reports said 2006 - A small oil tanker (Daniella Natividad) exploded off the Philippine coastline, west of Manila, but the ship was not carrying a cargo of fuel, the local governor said 2007 - HMAS Townsville and Ipswich decommissioned at Cairns 2007 - USCG Commandant Thad Allen, Domestic Nuclear Detection Office Director Vayl Oxford, and Customs and Border Protection Deputy Assistant Commissioner for Office of Field Operations William S. Heffelfinger III will announce the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security Rail Test Center for Intermodal radiation detection at the Port of Tacoma ============================================================= Sources: Colton Shipping Report, NOAA, MARAD, Marine Digest, Leo Pettipas, Kommersant, Samuel Loring Morison, Frank Pierce Young, Navy Times, Naval Institute Proceedings, www.uboat.net, Andrew Etherington, John Nicholas, US Naval Historical Center, Ministry of Defense, US Coast Guard, Thomas N. Carlson, Jack Arrowsmith, Allan Snowie, Ken Hansen, Andy Barber, John Weiss, Jack McKillop, Bernard de Neumann, Sympatico Today in History, Washington History Link, Lloyds List, Fairplay, New York Times, I-Newswire and other news sources in the public domain. Additions, submissions and corrections are always welcomed. ============================================================= Today in History Archives at: http://www.seawaves.com/newsletters/today_in_history_archive.htm Copyright 2007 Shirlaw News Service ISSN 1710-6966 Photos courtesy of US Naval Historical Center, US Coast Guard Historical Center, Wikipedia Encyclopedia or Naval Museum of Manitoba unless otherwise noted. Images may be subject to copyright. Ask before you right-click.